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Emergency fund

Last checked 3 September 2026

What is an emergency fund?

An emergency fund is a reserve of readily accessible cash held specifically to cover unexpected expenses or a loss of income, kept separate from money earmarked for anything else.

The defining property is accessibility, not return. An emergency fund sits in a savings or money-market account precisely so its value is certain on the day it is needed, which is often the day markets are also down. Invested money is not an emergency fund, because emergencies and market declines correlate.

It is the mechanism that keeps a temporary problem from becoming a permanent one. Without it, a broken car becomes credit-card debt at 20% and a redundancy becomes a forced sale of long-term holdings at whatever price the market happens to offer that week.

The usual sizing guidance is three to six months of essential expenses — which is really a statement about runway, expressed in a form that is easier to act on.

Frequently asked questions

Should you build an emergency fund before paying off debt?
The common approach is a small starter fund first, then high-interest debt, then the full fund — the reasoning being that without any buffer, the next unexpected cost goes straight back onto the card you are trying to clear. Where exactly to draw that line depends on the interest rate and the stability of your income.

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